Psychological Application for New Version of Tokyo University Egogram Battery

Introduction Recently, the lifestyle has been changed drastically along with the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the change of social structure [1]. Then, everyone has been exposed to various stressors, and many people are suffering from psychological and mental problems. Consequently, the role of behavioral science and psychology has been in focus. Among them, adequate practice and research on communication and personality have become more meaningful [2].


Introduction
Recently, the lifestyle has been changed drastically along with the development of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the change of social structure [1]. Then, everyone has been exposed to various stressors, and many people are suffering from psychological and mental problems. Consequently, the role of behavioral science and psychology has been in focus. Among them, adequate practice and research on communication and personality have become more meaningful [2].
Transactional Analysis (TA) has been a personality theory that was proposed by American psychiatrist Eric Burne in the 1950s [3]. It includes psychoanalysis and psychotherapy, which can change mind and behavior, leading to encouraging growth. He advocated the PAC model including parent, adult, and child. Successively, the concept of egogram was developed by John M. Dusey [4]. He presented useful practice and research methods using 5 human egos. The research for egogram has been developed mainly using Tokyo University Egogram (TEG) for a long. TEG has been evaluated to be a useful and reliable psychological battery on transactional analysis because it takes only 5-10 minutes to conduct in an actual situation [5]. It was applied to various subjects and patients with psychosomatic diseases so far [6]. Authors and collaborators have continued egogram research for years [7]. We have used the 2 nd edition of TEG and examined subjects included patients with various diseases and university students [8,9]. Among them, various perspectives from psychological points of view were discussed for useful advice in the future.
The 2 nd edition of TEG is highly reliable and has been applied and used for many years. In recent years, a new revision has been made and the third edition has been introduced for clinical and educational fields [10]. Consequently, our research group has conducted TEG version 3 for university students and analyzed the characteristic points of them. In this article, the results with some perspectives are described.

Protocol and Results
In the current research, subjects were university students who were in the first year of Tokushima University, which is one of the national universities in Japan [11]. Tokushima University has been famous for light-emitting diode (LED) light, effective treatment for COVID-19 by deep ultraviolet LED (DUV-LED) light and Gc protein-derived macrophage-activating factor (GcMAF) [12]. The subjects entered the Faculty of science and technology department, and the subjects included in this study were male 90 and female 8. The methods included TEG lecture and test for the students and analyses. We used newly-introduced TEG version 3, and the lecture and test for TEG was held in July, which was three months after entering the university in April. The analyses were conducted by the authors' research group using excel software.
As to the results of our survey, the data of five ego factors for men and women are shown in Table- For ethical considerations, the protocol was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki as well as the Ethical Guidelines for Research for the human and the conduction of the Good Clinical

Practice (GCP), and Ethical Guidelines for
Epidemiology Research which are from Japan by the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. Regarding this study, the authors took the written informed consents from all subjects, and the protocol was recognized and permitted by the ethical committee of the university including several professionals and experts in the legal, educational, and medical specialties. The members discussed the research content enough and agreed that this study would be adequate without any problems.

Discussion
TEG is estimated to be highly reliable in psychological tests [5]. We can conduct the questionnaire, evaluate the result, and easily grasp the five ego states in short times [13]. Regarding the current investigation, it was performed satisfactorily in order to find out the egogram trends for university students. Table-1 shows the detailed data of five egos for men and women from the current survey. The average value of 5 factors is reported as standard data of TEG ver.3. Therefore, when compared with the results, it seems that there is no remarkable difference in CP, NP, and A. On the other hand, males tended to show higher FC and AC, and females tended to have higher AC. These characteristics were partly similar to our previous reports [14].
Regarding the higher tendency of FC for male students, there is a perspective. FC indicates free child personality. When comparing men and female students during teenagers, females are relatively psychologically and mentally growing earlier in this period [14]. Then, male university students in 1 st grade may show rather a childish personality, in which they seem to show immature feelings, behavior, and activity [15]. Tokushima is situated not in the metropolitan area but is rather a countryside in the Shikoku Island district. This may also influence the obtained results.
Higher AC tendency for men and female students are important results [13]. AC means adapted child, and higher AC values in the younger generation seem to be in focus in Japanese society [16]. Formerly, many high school students could talk and lead their lives as they like. In recent years, however, they pay attention to a careful situation not showing their apparent feeling to others. The reason would be to refrain from evaluating heterogeneous personal character by the friends around. Consequently, they always tend to guess various feelings of others [14]. Such a situation may bring the current results of higher AC levels in male and female students.
As mentioned above, some perspectives about current results for TEG were described [17]. There are some limitations to this study. The case numbers of the subjects are less, especially female students. Regarding the comparisons with our results and standard values, detail age-related standard ranges were not obtained in TEG ver. 3 [10]. Then, the apparent tendency cannot be described. These cases will be followed up every year and can be checked 4 years later when they will enter the graduate school of the university.
University students will live in our society with a variety of stresses. Then, in order to maintain their health physically and mentally, it is required to take appropriate measures for the body and the mind. For decades, bio-psycho-social issues, self-efficacy, and self-affirmation have been discussed for regions such as psychosomatic medicine psychology, education, psychiatry, and others [18]. These problems are important for how to manage each personality indicating from the egogram of each individual [19,20].
In summary, a current study using TEG new version 3 for university students was reported [10]. The obtained data were not enough for describing certain tendencies, then following up the subjects for years will be required. Further development of TEG research will be expected.